George Sand Controversial and Popular Writer

George Sand (born Armandine Aurore Lucille Dupin, July 1, 1804 — June 9, 1876) was a controversial yet popular writer and novelist of her time. Considered a Romantic idealist writer, she was read among the artists and intelligentsia. Early Life Called Aurore as a child, she was left in the care of her grandmother and mother when her father died. Seeking to escape conflict with her grandmother and mother, she entered a convent at 14, and later joined her grandmother in Nohant. A tutor encouraged her to wear mens clothing. She inherited her grandmothers estate, and then married Casimir-Franà §ois Dudevant in 1822. They had two daughters together. They separated in 1831, and she moved to Paris, leaving the children with their father. Jules Sandeau and First Written Works She became the lover of Jules Sandeau, with whom she wrote some articles under the name J. Sand. Her daughter Solange came to live with them, while her son Maurice continued to live with his father. She published her first novel, Indiana, in 1832, with a theme of womens limited choices in love and marriage. She adopted the pseudonym George Sand for her own writing. After separating from Sandeau, George Sand legally separated from Dudevant in 1835, and won custody of Solange. George Sand had a notorious and conflict-ridden relationship with the writer Alfred de Musset, from 1833 to 1835. George Sand and Chopin In 1838, she began an affair with the composer Chopin which lasted until 1847. She had other lovers, though was notoriously unable to be physically satisfied in any of her affairs. In 1848, at the time of the uprising, she moved to back to Nohant, where she continued writing until her death in 1876. George Sand was notorious not only for her free love affairs, but also for public smoking and for dressing in mens clothing. Family Background Father: Maurice Dupin (died in his daughters childhood)Mother: Sophie-Victoire DelabordeGrandmother: Marie Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Franceuil Education Convent of the Dames Augustines Anglaises, Paris, 1818-1820 Marriage and Children Husband: Baron Casimir-Francois Dudevant (married 1822, separated legally 1835)Children: Maurice (1823-1889), Solange (1828-1899) Notable Writings Indiana (1832)c (1832)Lelia (1833)Jacques (1834)Andre (1835)Mauprat (1837)Spiridion (1838)Les sept cordes de la lyre (1840)Horace (1841)Consuelo (1842-43)La Mare au diable (1846)Francois le champi (1847-48)La petite Fadette (1849)Les Maitres sonneurs (1853)Histoirede ma vie (1855)Elle et lui (1859) Print Bibliography The Story of My Life: The Autobiography of George SandFlaubert-Sand: The Correspondence of Gustave Flaubert and George SandHoraceIndianaLeliaMarianneViaje a Traves del CristalValentineA Womans Version of the Faust Legend: The Seven Strings of the Lyre.George Sand: Collected Essays. 1986.Barry, Joseph. Infamous Woman: The Life of George Sand. 1977.Cates, Curtis. George Sand: A Biography. 1975.Datlof, Natalie. The World of George Sand.Dickinson, Donna. George Sand: A Brave Man, the Most Womanly Woman. 1988.Eidelman, Dawn D. George Sand and the 19th-Century Russian Love-Triange Novels. 1994.Ferra, Bartolome. Chopin and George Sand in Majorca. 1974.Gerson, Noel B. George Sand: A Biography of the First Modern Liberated Woman. 1973.Godwin-Jones, Robert. Romantic Vision: The Novels of George Sand.Jack, Belinda. George Sand: A Womans Life. 2001.Jordan, Ruth. George Sand: A Biographical Portrait. 1976.Naginski, Isabelle Hoog. George Sand: Writing for Her Life. 1991.Powell, David. George Sand. 1990.Schor, Naomi. George Sand and Idealism. 1993.Winegarten, Renße. The Double Life of George Sand: Woman and Writer. 1978.

Open Freedom Of The Internet - 1095 Words

Open To Freedom The internet is unparalleled tool used as a super highway connecting users to a vast wealth of information and knowledge. Networks work together to share information, content, and data around the world. Users and Content Providers should have the right to access each other without being charge more to connect to one another or being denied access as a result of ISP’s not agreeing with the content of the provider. Therefore in order to preserve the equality of the internet, Net Neutrality must be protected. The internet was a project of the Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which is also in charge of developing space-age technologies, rockets and computers. With no single inventor, it evolved over time and was developed to be a weapon during the Cold War because of the government s fear of losing the nations phone system. The History.com Staff Says, â€Å"By the end of 1969, just four computers were connected to the ARPAnet, but the network grew steadily during the 1970s. In 1971, it added the University of Hawaii’s ALOHAnet, and two years later it added networks at London’s University College and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway. As packet-switched computer networks multiplied, however, it became more difficult for them to integrate into a single worldwide â€Å"Internet.† By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named Vinton Cerf had begun to solve this problem by developing a way for all of the COMPUTERS on all of theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe amount of revenue the Internet brings in a single year is has drastically increased in the past couple years and it will exponentially keep growing as the years go by. 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Truthfully, they were just trying to look out for me and try helicopter parenting, opposing from their usually lenient style of parenting. As we had a discussion on my presence on the in ternet, I began to be creeped out about the

Medical Genetics Down Syndrome

Question: Discuss about the Medical Genetics for Down Syndrome. Answer: Introduction DS is a persistent state caused by the extra copy of chromosome 21(Hsa21). The parents of DS affected children are normal atypically on context to genetics. The chance of having an extra copy of chromosome 21 is 95%. This extra copy is presented randomly when there is some form of abnormality during the process of formation of egg or sperm. In some cases the parents may pass on the genes, increasing the chances of the grandchildren to have Down syndrome. For the rest of the 5% cases, the syndrome is inherited from a healthy parent. The detection for the presence of the silent risk for Down syndrome in the DNA can b done with the help of some very useful tests that give accurate results. DS results when a complete or partial copy of the chromosome 21 is present. The chromosomes are the collection of genetic information present in every cell within the human body. Generally, 46 chromosomes present in human body are organized in 23 pairs of chromosomes. Among them, 22 pairs are known as autosomes and one pair referred to as sex chromosomes. However, in individuals with DS, an extra copy of the chromosome 21 is found and this condition is referred to as trisomy 21. Hence, such individuals have 47 chromosomes instead of 46 chromosomes. As a result, present of this three copies of chromosome 21 with genetic material leads to the occurrence of DS (Malt et al., 2013).The risk of being affected by the disorder increases from 0.1% among the 20 years old mothers to 3% within the mothers in the age group of 45 years (nads.org, 2016). Until date, there has not been found any activity related to behavioral patterns or environmental determinants that alter the risk of the occurren ce of disorder.The individuals with this genetic disorder have some distinguishing facial as well as physical characteristics, medical complications and cognitive disabilities. The facial traits include upturned eyes, flat nose, small nose, small mouth with proportionally larger tongue and round face with flattened profile on a average. The physical features include small feet and short finger (Langlois et al., 2013). They have higher chances of developing medical complications. They have vision and hearing difficulties too. They are found with heart defects that might be mild or severe. In addition to the above-mentioned issues, they might suffer from gastrointestinal problems, thyroid functioning, chances of developing cancer and mental illness. A pedigree chart for DS is a rough outlining of the likelihood of a child for developing with this condition because of the previous generations. Since, the DS is not an inherited disorder, so accurate diagram for predicting the chances of developing it is not possible. It occurs in case where a child possesses an extra copy of chromosome (reference). Down syndrome phenotype is the result of a dosage imbalance occurring in the genes found on human chromosome 21 (Hsa 21). The genetic characteristics of Down syndrome have been widely investigated by scientists in the past one decade. The length of 21 p is 515 Mb [12] while the length of 21q is 33.5 Mb [11]. At the time of initial sequencing of 21q, it was estimated that a total number of 225 genes are presented in the sequence. Around 40.06% repetitions in the sequences are found in Hsa 21 [11]. Out of the sequence repetitions, 10.84% are SINEs, 15.15% are LINEs and 9.21% are LTR. Genetics of Down syndrome Down syndrome babies are generally formed due to the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 that results in trisomy. Down syndromes can be caused in babies also due ring chromosome or isochromosomal condition and Robertsonian translocation. In Isochrome condition two long arms of the chromosome are found to be separating together, in contrast to the normal condition in which the short arm and the long arm separate together at the time of development of egg or sperm. Trisomy 21 is characterised by karyotype 47, XY, + 21 in a case of males and karyotype 47, XX, + 21 in a case of females. This condition is a result of the erroneous separation of the chromosome 21 at the time of sperm or egg development. Robertsonian translocation occurs only in 2-4% cases when the long arm of the chromosome 21 erroneously gets attached to another chromosome instead of the chromosome 14 for normal cases. Mosaicism is referred to the condition in which two dissimilar genotypes present in humans after developing from a single egg due to misdivision. This condition gives rise to two different cell lineages in individuals contributing to tissues and organs having mosaicism. One of the cell lineages has the normal number of chromosome while the second lineage has an extra number of chromosome 21 [15]. Correlation between genotype and phenotype As per the gene dosage imbalance, patients suffering from Down syndrome carry an increased copy number of the gene on Hsa 21 resulting in increased gene expression [13-15]. Within the hypothesis, the chances of particular genes and gene subsets controlling particular Down syndrome phenotypes have been encompassed [16]. As per the Amplified developmental instability hypothesis, genetic imbalance results from a non-specific dosage of a number of trisomic genes. The regulation and expression of a number of genes are impacted due to this along the whole genome [13-14]. Another related hypothesis on this subject is the critical region hypothesis. Phenotypic analysis gave rise to the conclusion that individuals having partial trisomy for Hsa 21 possess one or few small Down syndrome critical regions (DSCR) that are 3.8-6.5 Mb in length, located at the 21q region. Around 30 genes are responsible for the majority of phenotypes leading to Down syndrome [15-16]. A region of 1.6-2.5 Mb was prev iously recognised as the sole reason for a phenotype of the syndrome [17-18]. The research on Down syndrome witnessed a milestone with the advent of the sequencing of Hsa 21 [19]. With the possibility of Hsa 21 sequencing, more information about the relation between phenotype and genotype was able to be gathered, and accurate characterisation of DSCR regions became possible [13]. A number of Down syndrome phenotypes, like, clinodactyly of the fifth finger, congenital heart defects of the endocardial cushions, craniofacial abnormalities, and mental retardation were believed to be resulting from a critical region within 21q22 [20]. Scientists have suggested that Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), acting as a regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), and phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK1A) have a pivotal role in the brain development. It also has a role in augmented risks of congenital heart diseases (CHD) in people suffering from Down syndrome [21-22]. Neural differentiatio n, development of neural networks and axon guidance involves DSCAM to be a significant factor in their functioning. Any form of disruption occurring in these processes leads to the Down syndrome neuro-cognitive phenotype [22]. Different studies on mouse models and humans suffering from Down syndrome have indicated that no single region of genes is responsible for all of the phenotypes of this syndrome. On the other hand, there are chances that multiple critical regions or genes are responsible for a particular phenotype or a group of phenotypes that are associated with Down syndrome [23]. Risk factors There are a number of risk factors which have been suggested to contribute to the birth of a child with DS, like maternal grandmothers diet, lifestyles, genotype, occupational and environmental exposures. All of these factors cause recombination errors, giving rise to nondisjunction of chromosome 21 at maternal meiosis I. This happens at the time of fetal development in the body of the maternal grandmother or first events in sequential meiosis I and meiosis II errors (Copped 2015). Age of mother at conception, maternal diet, lifestyles, genotype and occupational and environmental exposures increase the chances of meiotic errors at maternal meiosis II or the second event in sequential meiosis I and II errors giving rise to chromosome 21 nondisjunction (Rowsey et al. 2013). Dietary habits of the father, along with the genotype, lifestyles and occupational and environmental exposure is a contributing factor towards chromosome 21 disomy in spermatozoa. The trisomy 21 of paternal origin i s the result of this (Oliver et al. 2009). Complex association of the genome of developing trisomic embryo with maternal environmental exposures and genotype, diet increases the chances of miscarriage of trisomy 21 pregnancies or survival up to the birth. Genetic variants that are inherited from environmentally induced epigenetic modifications and parents at the time of early development can lead to survival to the birth. Screening and Diagnostic methods There are two types of tests available for DS, which can be done prior to the birth of a baby; they are screening tests and diagnostic tests. Though the screening tests do not provide information that the disorder would take place in the baby surely, however, it merely states the chances that a baby may develop such a disorder. Whereas, the diagnosis tests facilitate 100% accurate results and provide absolute diagnosis. A new screening technique is available for prenatal screening among the pregnant mothers. The blood tests help in measuring the amount of substances present in the mothers blood. These tests help in estimating the chances of the mother to give birth to a baby with DS. Mostly, the screening tests include blood or serum tests and sonogram. These advanced techniques are now available for detection of fetal chromosomes that circulates in mothers blood. Unlike the diagnostic tests, these screening tests are non-invasive but give accurate results. The diagnostic tests that are available for prenatal detection of DS include Chronic Villus Sampling (CVS) as well as amniocentesis. These procedures although carry a risk factor of 1% chance of miscarriage, nevertheless these methodologies provide with 100% accurate diagnosis of DS. Amniocentesis is generally done during the second trimester of gestation period between 15 and 20 weeks, CVS is performed mostly between 9 and 14 weeks of pregnancy. The recognition of DS is generally performed at birth. It is detected by the presence of certain physical characteristics such as low tonality of muscles, a single crease in the palm are of the hand, flat profile, rounded face and upturned eyes. However, such traits are sometimes present in normal babies, so a chromosomal analysis is don e referred to as karyotype in order to reaffirm the diagnosis. Generally, blood is drawn from cells of the baby for performing the karyotype. The chromosomes are photographed. They are grouped according to their size, shape and number. In this way, the doctors diagnose DS by examination of the karyotype. There is another test for examining genetic disorders known as uorescent in situ hybridization(FISH). This is applied using the same principle as that of the karyotype for confirming the diagnosis for shorter time-period (Palomaki et al., 2012). After it was discovered in the year 1969 that fetal lymphocytes are present in maternal blood, cell-free fetal nucleic acids (cffNA) has proved to be a suitable method for early non-invasive prenatal diagnosis [64]. The genetic status that a fetus has can be easily detected by this appropriate approach. A small fraction of the total circulating cell-free DNA, around 3-6% is cell-free fetal DNA. Research has indicated that cffDNA is initially observable in the time frame of 7 weeks of gestation. With the progress of pregnancy, there is an increase in the amount of cffDNA. cffDNA is found to be reducing after the baby is born and cannot be detected in the blood of the mother [65]. The possible applications of the advanced technology can be categorised into two groups; (i) high genetic risks families who have inheritable monogenic diseases, sex determination and detection of paternally inherited single gene disorders [66,67]; and (ii) regular antenatal care given to all women who are pr egnant, encompassing prenatal diagnosis, screening for aneuploidy, like Down syndrome, and Rhesus factor diagnosis in women who are RhD negative [65]. Management of Down syndrome DS is not curable. However, early interventions and treatment procedures may help the individuals to lead productive life. The treatments include exercises, speech and occupational therapy for improving the motor abilities. Special educational patterns and proper care with attention can help them further. The medical complications like hearing impairments, thyroid and related disorders can be corrected surgically. The use of amino acid supplements as well as drugs like Piracetam is believed to provide improved ability to apprehend and teach (Bartesaghi et al., 2015). In attempts to cure DS, many researchers have made great efforts in tackling DS through gene therapy. Gene therapy has already been tested on animals and success has been achieved. Some researchers in July 2013have attempted to bring developments in the chromosome therapy for Down syndrome. Inactivation of one copy of chromosome 21 was possible by the insertion of a copy of the X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) gene into the chromosome. The gene is normally responsible for the inactivation of one X female chromosome out of the two present. XIST is responsible for encoding an RNA that is non-coding in nature. This RNA silences expression of genes through the process that covers the X-chromosome with a blanket of RNA. This RNA blanket is then responsible for triggering a sequence of chromosomal changes for silencing the expression of genes. Such changes include chemical modifications resulting in the histones to be more tightly wrapped by the DNA. A condensed X chromosome, termed as the Barr body, is therefore formed, with a silent gene expression. A research publication in August 2015 discussed a novice therapy to be utilised for Down syndrome. The researchers were able to generate cells having the typical chromosome number through the introduction of the ZSCAN gene 4 into the cell line of individuals suffering from this trisomic condition. They were successful in converting a full trisomic condition into a mosaic syndrome, of which some had an extra chromosome while some did not. Mosaicism takes place in a natural process in some people suffering from Down syndrome; however, this therapy marked the possibility of inducing a mosaic condition with the help of genetic therapy. Researchers at Boston University and Yale University in the year 2016 did a comparison of Down syndrome across development and adulthood with gene expressions in different parts of the human brain. The findings were such that white matter is established in the brain in a changing process from infancy to adulthood. White matter is responsible for insulating the nerve fibers of the brain that is axons. The finding that the study led to was unanticipated since the present theory states that many of the changes that lead to intellectual disability take place prenatally in Down syndrome. The results also indicated that changes in white matter are a result of particular defects in a certain group of brain cells, termed as oligodendrocytes,' occurring during the developmental stages. Oligodendrocytes are behind the formation of white matter and any defects in it lead to a stalled nerve transmission. Ethical issues The factors that contribute to the availability of screening services to patients include financial status, subject knowledge, and patient education on the information relevant to the syndrome. This concern of patients access to services raises an equity issue. For instance, the cost of services may reach up to $1000 in the private sector. The prevailing inequality in relation to access to services for the couple to have a child forms a vital argument supporting the universal availability of the test (Bassett, Lee et al. 2004). Some argue the need of setting guidelines for ensuring standardisation in the process of prenatal screening (Pratte, 2003, p. 197). Another challenge that draws attention is that there is an absence of skilled healthcare professionals capable of providing information to the patients regarding the process of screening. The general population would be benefitted by the implementation of a well-developed screening program that can provide them with guidance and information on the standardisation of the information. The result of such approach would be the proper assessment of practices for ensuring optimal quality. Parents need to be provided with balanced and accurate information regarding the definite effects of child birth with Down syndrome. They are also required to be provided with this information in a manner that is not affected by the education level and social class they have. The underpinning principle behind these needs is that reproductive decisions are taken up by the parents. This need for imparting medical information is applicable for testing options as this would make it possible for parents to eva luate the risk of Down syndrome and confirm it. At present, the accessibility of tests is dependent on the financial condition of the parents as well as local resources. Since pregnant women over the age of 35 have a risk to carry a fetus with this syndrome, these women are offered amniocentesis. However, there is a major risk associated with the diagnostic test, and that is the fetal loss (Wilson, Langlois et al. 2007). The loss of fetus also includes cases of foetuses that are healthy, and chances were there to have them born alive in case the test was not performed. There is a possibility of identifying the risks prior to the diagnostic test is done, and this approach would eliminate the need of performing the amniocentesis test (Bassett, Lee et al., 2004, p. 109). The risk has been a reason why researchers have suggested other diagnostic methods. For instance, the group of researchers had been making efforts to develop methods for establishing a diagnostic method that would involve analysis of fetal cells and DNA from the blood of the mother (Audibert, 2006). Pregnancy termination is the only possible action for preventing giving birth to Down syndrome babies as there are no suitable medical solutions (Kohut, Rusen et al. 2002, p. 5). Abortion has been made illegal in Canada since the year 1969 (Pratte, 2203, p. 72) and the instance of its practice is not confined (Doucet, Ltourneau et al., 2007, p. 31). Pregnancy termination is not an option for many individuals. Some consider screening to raise a question of a life worth living as the condition cannot be cured at present. Conclusion DS is one of the most commonly occurring genetic disorders that occur due to formation of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Many theories have provided insight into the genotype and phenotype correlation and increased our knowledge in this matter. A critical region within 21q22 was thought to be the main reason behind different Down syndrome phenotyping, like congenital heart defects of the endocardial cushions, clinodactyly of the fifth finger craniofacial abnormalities, and mental retardation. The modern diagnostic procedures are however capable of detecting the disorder with accuracy. In this way, early detection can be helpful for treating such patients by speech therapy, exercises so that they can lead a prospective life. However, further advancement in the field of genetics will help in adding on to more technologies for treating DS. References: Bartesaghi, R., Haydar, T. F., Delabar, J. M., Dierssen, M., Martnez-Cu, C., Bianchi, D. W. (2015). New Perspectives for the Rescue of Cognitive Disability in Down Syndrome.The Journal of Neuroscience,35(41). Epstein, C. J. (2013). of Down Syndrome.Molecular Genetic Medicine,2, 105. Langlois, S., Brock, J. A., Wilson, R. D., Audibert, F., Carroll, J., Cartier, L., ... Okun, N. (2013). Current status in non-invasive prenatal detection of Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and trisomy 13 using cell-free DNA in maternal plasma.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada,35(2). Malt, E. A., Dahl, R. C., Haugsand, T. M., Ulvestad, I. H., Emilsen, N. M., Hansen, B., ... Davidsen, E. M. (2013). Health and disease in adults with Down syndrome.Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening: tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke,133(3). Palomaki, G. E., Deciu, C., Kloza, E. M., Lambert-Messerlian, G. M., Haddow, J. E., Neveux, L. M., ... Nelson, S. F. (2012). DNA sequencing of maternal plasma reliably identifies trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 as well as Down syndrome: an international collaborative study.Genetics in medicine,14(3). Vos, T., Barber, R. M., Bell, B., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Biryukov, S., Bolliger, I., ... Duan, L. (2015). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 19902013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.The Lancet,386(9995). www.nads.org,. (2016). Facts About Down Syndrome- National Association for Down Syndrome. Retrieved 31 October 2016, from https://www.nads.org/resources/facts-about-down-syndrome/ www.scicarlyrae.files.wordpress.com,. (2016). Retrieved 31 October 2016, from https://scicarlyrae.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/pedigree1.png

CCLD Management free essay sample

As child practitioners we must work on our skills in communicating with children because the way we communicate with them is important not only for their communication and language development, but also the development of our relationship with them. Young children often arent able to express their thoughts and feelings in words, or express them poorly. Because of this, its important that child practitioners can listen carefully and help children to learn how to express themselves and also provide what they need. Communicating involves giving, receiving and making sense of information. Children do this by using non- verbal means of communication, talking, listening, thinking, and understanding. In time, the skills of reading and writing enrich this experience. Communicating is a two-way activity; as well as learning to share their experiences with others children also learn to interpret what others are sharing with them. They communicate in many different ways including facial expressions, gestures, body movements, sounds, language and for some children, through assistive technology. Children’s language is more than words, phrases and sentences. It includes art, Braille, dance, drama, music, poetry, pictures, sculpture, signing, and stories. While most children eventually master spoken and written language as their key means of communicating, they continue to speak through their gestures, body movements and expressions to a greater or lesser extent. Some children with special educational needs may need additional and consistent support throughout their lifetime to practise, learn and perfect the art of non-verbal communication. Active listening Active listening is not just hearing, but focusing on what the child or young person is trying to say and communicate. The term ‘active’ is an accurate description. Active listening takes time but a thoughtful attitude of acceptance of children’s feelings helps children to drop their defensive attitudes, opening the opportunity for a more positive type of communication. In active listening, non-language signals are particularly meaningful. Listeners should be careful about expressing their own feelings and their reactions to what the speaker is saying and concentrate on just listening. At times, the listener may need to reflect some of the content or feelings of the speaker. Just a nod or small sound can acknowledge that the listener recognises and understands what the speaker is saying. All too often, we listen without hearing in the same way we look but cannot see. Below is a list of things you may do in order to be an active listener. Eye contact – you need to show children and young people that you are interested in what they have to say. By looking at a child or young person you show them that they have your full attention. Sometimes, during conversation they may look away or down and this may be a sign that what they are about to say may be uncomfortable or difficult for them. Body language – child practitioners tend to be busy. This unfortunately can send out signals that they have no time to listen. By coming down to the child’s level or sitting with a young person, you can send out the signal that you are ready to listen. You must not look distracted in this time and look relaxed and settled. Summarising – it can sometimes be helpful to summarise what the child or young person is trying to say. This helps you check that you understand their meaning, for example â€Å"so you wanted to play with Mark, but he wasn’t in nursery today†. Reflecting – this is a useful technique that must be carefully used. The last few words are reflected back which helps the child or young person to maintain communication. Questioning – while children and young people do not want to be interrogated, asking odd questions that develop what they have said is sometimes useful. This might be through a mix of open and closed questions. For example, a closed question such as â€Å"are you enjoying this? † is quite safe as it allows the child to simply answer yes or no and they can add to it if they wish. Open questions such as â€Å"why do you like this one? † are good at encouraging children to talk a little more as they require a fuller answer. Using questions can show your interest and help you explore some issues. Non verbal communication By observing us children learn how to interact with others, accomplish goals, and get along in the world. We are the examples, and what many do not realize is that our non-verbal messages and actions are stronger than our verbal ones. Non-verbal communication consists of expressions, tone of voice, eye contact, and actions. The way you listen, look, move, and react tells the other person whether or not you care, if you’re being truthful, and how well you’re listening. When your nonverbal signals match up with the words you’re saying, they increase trust, clarity, and rapport. When they don’t, they generate tension, mistrust, and confusion. There are many different types of nonverbal communication. Together, the following nonverbal signals and cues communicate your interest and investment in others. Facial expressions -The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures. Body movements and posture Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements. Gestures Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we’re arguing or speaking animatedly, expressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it’s important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation. Eye contact Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s response. Touch We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the following: a weak handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring slap on the back, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on your arm. Space Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection, aggression or dominance. Voice It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we speak, other people â€Å"read† our voices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as â€Å"ahh† and â€Å"uh-huh. † Think about how someones tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence. Reciprocal communication Reciprocal communication involves a give and a take, and another give and take. also referred to as â€Å"two way communication† it gives the child the sense of intention and meaning. When the child â€Å"opens† a circle by holding out a toy, the adult â€Å"closes† the circle by saying â€Å"Oooh, for me? †. Communication develops through loving relationships because the child feels a sense of comfort and joy in these back and forth interactions. As the child opens and closes more circles, his verbal and non – verbal communication develops. During â€Å"circle time† at the setting we use a tool called the ‘talking bear’. During discussion, in order for all children to have their say, and feelings heard, in turn they are handed the talking bear. Only when the child is holding the bear, they can speak while the rest of the group listening. This technique has proven effective and not only does it encourage turn taking, but it helps develop their active listening skills. Augmentative communication Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) includes all forms of communication (other than oral speech) that are used to express thoughts, needs, wants, and ideas. We all use AAC when we make facial expressions or gestures, use symbols or pictures, or write. People with severe speech or language problems rely on AAC to supplement existing speech or replace speech that is not functional. Special augmentative aids, such as picture and symbol communication boards and electronic devices, are available to help people express themselves. This may increase social interaction, school performance, and feelings of self-worth. AAC can be high tech, such as a computer that is programmed to talk for the child. AAC can also be low tech by using simple pictures, sign language or a device that plays recorded messages. Speech-language pathologists may help the child to use a picture exchange communication system (PECS). AAC can help people who cannot talk at all. It can also help children who can talk but are hard to understand. A speech-language pathologist will help decide if AAC is appropriate for a child. If the child can benefit from an AAC system, the speech-language pathologist will recommend the appropriate type of AAC system. The speech-language pathologist will also train the child and family members on how to use it effectively. AAC can help the child to improve his or her ability to interact with others and communicate at home, in school, and in the community. It can help the child to participate in school and become more independent. Using AAC can also decrease inappropriate behaviors, such as tantrums, crying and whining, that are often due to the child’s difficulty with communication. Gestures, rhymes, songs, finger plays drawings an representation Communicating through gestures is an important part of a childs early language development. Such simple gestures as waving bye-bye or the hand motions that accompany many nursery rhymes can help a child to understand the connection between movement and meaning. Baby’s as young as six months old are sometimes taught a simplified sign language as it can help a child to learn to communicate more quickly and with less frustration. Role play and dressing up is another way of encourage speech and communication. Child practitioners can play alongside them to encourage them with their speech and communication skills. By making it into a fun activity that incorporates their interests then they don’t feel under pressure and speech and language can flow. Nursery rhymes, songs and musical instruments are good for communication skills. This encourages children to listen, sing and communicate; this can be through using their hands to start off with and eventually hands and singing. Musical instruments can be good for the children to practice repeating different sounds that are made or making the sounds louder or quieter. The use of puppets, dolls and cuddly toys are also a good tool for encouraging a child to communicate. When a child first starts getting interested in talking they begin to role play e. g. giving a doll a cup of tea. This is an indication that they are ready to use new words, so we, as child practitioners can encourage this by saying the words e. g. â€Å"doll† and â€Å"cup†. This can only be done if you follow the child’s interests. At the setting we are constantly intercting with the children through all of these communication tools. During â€Å"bora da† time, we encourage the children to join in with the actions, or just clapping at first. When they feel confident enough then in their own time they begin to sing along with the rest of the group. A home corner or role play area specific to our theme is set up daily. This is an area you see the children express themselves vocally more often, and even though this time is child led play, staff encourage conversation by asking a few open ended questions relating to their play. Appropriate and accurate use of language Children are social learners and learn by copying other people, so any adults working with them should model good communication, both verbally and non verbally, so that children will learn from them. Language used should be age and development appropriate, and slang words should never be used. A friendly tone of voice is also key for effective communication. This helps the child feel comfortable enough to answer any open ended questions asked, this also goes hand in hand with friendly facial expressions. At the setting, communicating with the children is a key part of our job role as child practitioners. The majority of the staff have attended the â€Å"Elklan† speech and language course for under five year olds. It has taught us the importance of communicating correctly with children, using open, simple questions and allowing the child ten seconds to reply to the question. Every child’s speech and language is observed and issues and concerns are highlighted and addressed.

Adam Smith’s Division of Labor Essay Example

Adam Smith’s Division of Labor Essay Smith was not the first to advance the theory that all wealth is derived from labor. A medieval church-man and a seventeenth-century philosopher had developed a labor theory of value. Smith, however, broke new ground in building a complete system of economic thought around the concept of productive labor. The opening lines of the Wealth of Nations illustrate the importance of his approach. He believes that the annual labor of every nation originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life. 2 The earlier writers in analyzing the economic order had woefully underestimated the significance of the laboring man. They were too concerned with the activities of the manufacturer, the merchant, and the farmer to pay much attention to the simple artisan. In Smiths treatise the laboring poor occupy a position of primary importance.The labor expended upon the manufacture of a commodity establishes its value. The quantity and quality of the countrys total production is in lar ge measure determined by the ability and dexterity of the working population. All techniques and institutions which affect the skill of the laboring groups are therefore most important because they directly influence the wealth of a nation. (Fay, pp 75-81)Smiths emphasis upon the hitherto most neglected stratum of society was most radical, and it is not surprising that he ran into difficulties in developing his thesis. In the past, land had always been viewed as a productive force in the national economy; capital had likewise not been considered sterile. Smiths presentation of labors claim conflicted with the vested rights of land and capital. It soon became clear that some compromise would have to be established, because the intrenched position of the older claimants was very strong. Even as attorney for the plaintiff, Smith had great respect for the defendants. Their prestige rather overawed him. Although he at first contended that labor was the sole determinant of value, it was n ot long before he admitted that rent and profits might also influence value. This compromise contained many implicit contradictions, which Karl Marx almost a century later devoted some time to eradicate. He succeeded, but only to a limited extent, for though he strengthened the weak links in Smiths chain of reasoning, he added new ones which proved none too strong. (Brown, pp 123-131).Adam Smith, however, wrote a very interesting brief, despite its deficiencies in logic. The history of the world was in his opinion the history of the increasing efficiency of labor. The absence of specialization in antiquity accounts for the poverty of that period. The agriculturist could improve the yield of his crops only if he were able to make an intensive study of the land. He was, however, forced to spend a considerable part of his time in securing food, shelter, and clothing for himself and his family, and was therefore unable to devote his entire energies to the care of his plants. Some member s of the community showed great talents in the chase, while others proved to be expert house builders. After many centuries of development it became clear that the entire group would benefit if each member engaged in that activity for which he was best fitted. A hunter could kill within a very short time more deer than he could possibly use for his personal needs. A thatcher was able to put his own dwelling into condition by two weeks concentrated effort. A farmer, working on fertile land, could raise more than he could consume. The several specialists commenced to exchange their surplus commodities and labor power, and very soon the wealth of the community increased. An economic society could be most efficiently organized upon the basis of specialization and exchange.The first book of the Wealth of Nations is devoted almost entirely to an analysis of those forces which facilitated the division of labor among men. The treatment afforded the working population becomes highly signific ant in an approach which considers national progress to be largely determined by improvements in the specialization of labor. Merchants had maintained that English prosperity was due to their trading activities. The farming population had contended, although less frequently, that they formed the backbone of the national economy. Adam Smith, however, asserted that the welfare of all countries, at all periods in the worlds history, depended upon the status of labor and the development of the industrial arts. (Lloyd, pp 45-49)Adam Smith had not the least sympathy with the philosophers of this school. He deprecated the heavy taxation of necessities; future generations would suffer if the poor were unable to give their children a proper upbringing. If the laborers wages were lowered their offspring would probably suffer from malnutrition and exposure. Taxes which fall on a necessitous person are always cruel and oppressive; the worst taxes are those which bear more heavily on the poor th an on the rich. For instance the window levy was most unjust, for the poor could no longer afford to have either light or ventilation in their homes.The taxation of the poor cannot be supported even by mercantilistic arguments. A careful analysis proves that taxes upon labor or upon commodities used by labor are certain to be paid by their superiors. If the subsistence of wage earners were reduced their efficiency would be impaired and manufacturers would suffer. The latter, in order to protect themselves, would probably raise wages. In either case the middle and upper classes would be forced to bear the burden.The policy of England was to keep the laboring population servile and industrious. Merchants and manufacturers, fearful that they would have to foot the bill if the laborers improved their condition, attempted to stifle all social reform. No respectable member of English society would have advocated raising the standards of living of the laboring poor. Adam Smith, however, wa s Scottish and was therefore not oppressed by the taboos which prevailed south of the Midlands. He did not hesitate to emphasize the facts that rent and profits eat up wages, and that the two superior orders of people usually oppress the inferior one. Furthermore, he pointed out that unless circumstances force them, the wealthier classes never act generously or humanely in their dealings with their less fortunate brethren. Manufacturers loudly bemoan the high wages which they pay their workmen, but remain silent when profits are discussed. If the public complains about the dearness of commodities, the shrewd business men lose no time in placing the blame upon the high rewards of labor, forgetting to mention that their own rate of return might possibly influence prices. (Ross, pp 108-111).It was fantastic to fear high wages, for whatever improves the general welfare of the greater part of the community can never be considered an inconvenience to the whole. Poverty is a great social l iability. An able laboring population is possible only if workers receive ample remuneration for their efforts; hence to complain of the liberal rewards to labor is to lament the effect and the cause of the greatest public prosperity. As wealth increases, wages increase, and therefore population increases, all of which is for the good of the commonwealth.Thus to understand how the division of labor symbolizes a multiplication of the knowledge used in production, it is merely necessary to recognize that in a division-of-labor society, such as our own, there are as several distinct bodies of knowledge used in production as there are different specializations and subspecializations of employment. Steel producers, for instance, have a different body of knowledge from that of auto producers. Wheat farmers have a different body of knowledge from both of these and even from that of other farmers, for example vegetable growers or dairy farmers. The bodies of knowledge of all such specializa tions enter into the process of production in a division-of-labor society, and every individual is enabled to get products reflecting the total of such knowledge. Consequently, steel producers give the benefit of their knowledge to the whole rest of society; in return, they are capable to receive from the rest of society the benefit of the specialized knowledge held by all further categories of producers. Therefore it is with the members of every specialization. Â  (The Washington Times, pp 14-17)This is an outcome of huge importance, and its implication needs to be carefully measured. What a division-of-labor society symbolizes is the organization of thesame total sum of human brain power in a way that allows it to store and use greatly more knowledge than would otherwise be possible. To grab this point completely, we must consider the contrasting case of a non-division-of-labor society, for example exists in most of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In those areas, where the overw helming majority of people live as almost self-sufficient farmers, each family knows fundamentally what all the others know about production. To verify this fact, one might imagine an effort to compile all the knowledge entering into production in such places. One might imagine a corps of interviewers who get a grant from the U.S. government to go out and write down all that the rural farm families of these areas know regarding production. After interviewing the first such family in each area, very little further information would be gained from interviewing the hundreds of millions of other such families. What this means, essentially is that the sum total of the knowledge used in production in a non-division-of-labor society is restricted to what the brain of just one or two individuals can hold. Any one farmer, or farmer plus his wife, in those areas holds virtually all of the knowledge that is used in production in the entire society. Â  (Bourne, pp 209-215)To put it gently, suc h circumstances is a case of wasteful duplication. It is the wasteful duplication of the mental contents of the human brainthe wasteful use of mans capability to store and use knowledge. In this respect and in this sense, a division-of-labor society is indispensable to the proficient use of the human mind in production. To the degree that production is divided into separate specializations, with separate bodies of knowledge, the same total of human brain power is enabled to store and use more knowledge, to the benefit of each and every individual member of that society. This is the meaning of the proposition that the division of labor symbolizes the multiplication of the knowledge used in production. It multiplies such knowledge to the extent that specializations and specialized bodies of knowledge exist. Also it multiplies likewise the benefits that man is capable to derive from the use of his mind.The enlarged body of knowledge that a division-of labor society makes probable is th e precondition for producing products and adopting methods of production that need more knowledge than any one person, family, village, or tribe can own. (Chandra, 166-168).A division-of-labor society is obviously indispensable for the production of all the wonderful products introduced over the last two centuries, from steam engines to rocketships. By the same token, it is equally indispensable for the ability to use modern, efficient methods of production in making goods that can be produced in modest quantities with little or no division of laborfor example, being able to use tractors and chemical fertilizers to help produce wheat.Closely related to the multiplication of the knowledge used in production is the fact that the division of labor makes possible a radical and progressive increase in the benefit derived from the existence of geniuses. In the absence of a division-of-labor society, geniuses, along with everyone else, must pass their lives in producing their own food, clo thing, and shelterassuming they are fortunate enough to have survived in the first place. Perhaps their high intelligence enables them to produce these goods somewhat more efficiently than do other people. But their real potential is obviously lostboth to themselves and to the rest of society.In contrast, in a division-of-labor society geniuses are able to devote their time to science, invention, and the organization and direction of the productive activity of others. Instead of being lost in obscurity, they become the Newtons, the Edisons, and the Fords of the world, thereby incalculably raising the productivity of every member of the division-of-labor society.The effect of a division-of-labor society is thus not only to increase the total of the knowledge that the same amount of human brain power can store and use, but also to bring that knowledge up to a standard set by the most intelligent members of the society. The average and belowaverage member of a division-of-labor society is enabled to produce on the strength of the intelligence of the most intelligent. Thus, in a division-of-labor society, people even of minimal intelligence are enabled to produce and obtain such goods as automobiles and television sets-goods which on their own they would not even have been able to imagine.And in each succeeding generation, geniuses are able to begin with the knowledge acquired by all the preceding generations, and then make their own, fresh contributions to knowledge. In this way, the knowledge and productive power of a division-of-labor society are able progressively to increase, reaching greater and greater heights as time goes on.In a division-of-labor society, not only productive geniuses, but everyone is enabled to concentrate on the kind of work for which he is best suited by virtue of his intellectual and bodily endowment. This principle applies to artistic and musical geniuses, to individuals with the kind of rare talents required to perform surgical opera tions or to be a champion athlete, on down to people whose special advantage may consist merely of such attributes as the possession of relatively keen eyesight or relatively great physical strength.As with productive geniuses, those with the potential ability to be great artists or musicians, great surgeons or athletes, or outstanding creators or performers of any kind, would not be able to realize their potential in the absence of a division-of-labor society. Because even if they managed to be born and reach adulthood, their time would be taken up with growing their own food and making their own clothing and shelter. In a division-of labor society, on the other hand, such individuals can realize their potential. And all the rest of mankind gains from itfrom being able to enjoy the art and music they create, from being able to live because of the surgical operations they perform, and from being able to have the pleasure of observing the feats they accomplish. (Perelman, pp 77-82)In a division-of-labor society, every productive advantage that individuals possess is likely to be put to use and to increase the productivity of labor. In a society of millions, hundreds of millions, or however many people, every person tends to focus on the specific things for which he is rationally and physically best suited. And therefore the production of everything tends to be carried on in the most proficient way it can be carried on in the circumstances. The production of everything tends to be carried on by those who can do it relatively best.All of the preceding discussion of the division of labor can be summarized by saying that the division of labor increases the efficiency with which man is able to apply his mind, his body, and his nature-given environment to production. It expands his capacity to store and use knowledge, which knowledge it raises to a standard set by the most intelligent members of society. This standard in turn tends to rise higher and higher in each s ucceeding generation, as creative geniuses again and again enlarge the stock of technological knowledge. The division of labor also increases the degree to which knowledge of production is assimilated, the yield to the time spent in acquiring it, and the efficiency with which it is disseminated. It increases the efficiency with which man applies his body to production inasmuch as it enables everyone to concentrate on whatever he is relatively best suited for by virtue of his bodily endowment. It also eliminates unnecessary motion in production. (Dumville, Torano, pp 166-175)On the basis of all of the foregoing considerations, it should be obvious that from the perspective of the production of wealth and all that depends on the production of wealth, a division-of-labor society is the form of society that is appropriate to mans nature. While man always possesses the faculty of reason, a division-of labor society is necessary if he is to use his rationality efficiently in production. I t is necessary if he is to actualize the productive potential provided by his possession of reason.It should be equally obvious that the existence of a division-of-labor society is to the material self-interest of every individual. Whoever, in the words of von Mises, prefers wealth to poverty and life and health to sickness and death, is logically obliged to value the existence of a division-of-labor society and all that it depends on. For it is the essential foundation of all significant wealth and of the vital contribution made by wealth to mans life and health. Take away a division-of-labor society, and production shrivels to the level of medieval feudalism, with its consequently recurring famines and plagues and resulting average life expectancy of twenty-five years-years, it should never be forgotten, whose passage was marked with cold, hunger, exhaustion, and pain. Apart from the amelioration provided by Western aid in the form of food and medicines, such continues to be the m iserable condition of human life today in all that vast part of the world that is not integrated into the division of labor.Thus, the widely held notion that life in society requires the sacrifice of the individuals self-interest is totally mistaken in regard to a division-of-labor society. That notion applies only to societies characterized by force and plunder, not to a division-of-labor society. A division-of-labor society represents the mutual cooperation of individuals for the purpose of achieving their own individual ends. The radical and progressive increase in the productivity of labor it brings about makes it possible for everyone to achieve his ends incalculably better within its framework than outside of it. (Gereffi, Korzeniewicz, pp 30-48).

Some like it hot essays

Some like it hot essays Capital Punishment has been used for many generations. Even in the Bible, it describes death for murder, and other such crimes including kidnapping and witchcraft. Capital punishment involves taking the life of a person who has committed an unlawful act. Though today people have changed their ethics on killing a man for his unlawful act but instead locking him up for how many years depending on how serious the act is. The death penalty has been banned from all countries except some exception have been made. There is no question that capital punishment does stop the detainee from potentially growing old and living out the rest of his or hers life. A factor that is conveniently overlooked by anti capital punishment campaigners is that we are all in the long run going to die and in many cases we will know of this in advance and suffer great pain and emotional anguish in the process. This is particularly true of those diagnosed as having terminal cancer. It is apparently socially acceptable to be sentenced to death by one's family doctor without having committed any crime at all but totally unacceptable to be sentenced to death by a judge having been convicted of murder or drug trafficking. I think that in some circumstances, capital punishment should be accepted. For example, a man whom is 78 years old walks into a shopping mall with a gun and kills 7 people. This man will die in the next few years, he has fulfilled his potential to what I believe so why not administer a lethal injection. The judge will sentence a life imprisonment so why cant this man die earlier? ...

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Globalization - Essay Example This has an impact on the capitalist social and economic relations through microeconomic and multilateralism phenomena like competitiveness of businesses globally. The consequential change of production systems has an impact on the labor process, class structure, technological application, and capital organization and structure. Globalization marginalizes workers that are less educated and less skilled. As a result of globalization, expansion of business does not automatically result in increased employment. The higher mobility in comparison to labor can cause high capital remuneration. Power in the global economy is a company’s ability to command the tangible as well as intangible assets that result in increased loyalty of the customers irrespective of location. A company can tap into global networks no matter what is its geographic location or size. Globalization has had mixed effects on world economy with the increase in trade and foreign direct investment on one hand, and increased labor and production costs and income inequality on the other hand. Globalization has mixed effects on currency as a result of which, certain countries become stronger economically while other countries loose economic strength. Acceleration of globalization has caused market conditions to change. This has affected the volatility and value of national currencies all over the world. For example, the euro EUR in the European Union has replaced a number of local currencies. The Renminbi RMB has challenged the power of the US dollar. Many other currencies are linked with euro and dollar to deter harmful volatilities and fluctuations. Countries like Germany and China have taken advantage of the power of global currencies’ unification to sustain their growth. On the other hand, countries like Spain and Greece have gathered huge national debt while other countries have become poorer. A range of factors

Cash Flows Under Different Risk Management Decisions Essay

Cash Flows Under Different Risk Management Decisions - Essay Example A risk is involved because of the uncertainty is present in the future. Therefore, the risk can also be called as the uncertainty of the future events (Crouhy, 2000). It can be explained in a way that we are not aware of the unexpected circumstance, which may happen in the coming future. Despite the projections and planning, one cannot fight with the events which are out of the control of human beings. This can be explained with the example of common human being, who plans and takes decisions in his life with some expectations, which he believes will have more chances to occur in the future but if life does not move according to the expected circumstances so the person may face loss in his decision. Therefore, the chance of occurring unexpected circumstances is referred to as the risk of loss. The reason may be that the decisions may not move according to the plan (Hopkins, 2012). Risk can also be explained with the more specified example of financial planning of a person, who projec ts his cash flows that will occur in the future based on the potential for his career growth. If the result of the decision is in accordance with his plan then he will be able to enjoy profits otherwise loss (David, 2008).The job of any risk manager is to control the risk and identify more profitable option at the given level of risk. The risk level is determined using different risk-based components and the then financial engineering is used to evaluate the results of the risk-based decisions (McLucas, 2003).

Electric Fan Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electric Fan Industry - Case Study Example Unfortunately, a relevant data could not be found and had to use a monthly production by organized sector since 2000 A.D. Anyway, this study will be analyzed to allow the manager to make a decision to choose which method is better in decision making. The methods in question involve regression, and additive and multiplicative. After thorough scrutiny of all the methods, it was concluded that regression model was the most efficient method due to less errors. In order to reach this conclusion, a myriad of analysis tools such as, StatTools 6, MS Solver, were used in the analysis of sample data and results using spreadsheets. The Bhagyanagar Fans Limited Company has been experiencing a reduction in the components supply by many units in the last peak season. So, the association decided to do something about it by hiring Ravi Kumar as a market research executive to come forward with a model that will stop the company from losing money and help them better understand the short term demand pattern. But according to David W. Stockburger, in order to make this forecast, or the info which needs to be predicted, must be obtained from some kind of sample data, then transform this information into the predicted. The young executive, Ravi Kumar, despite his unsuccessful research data, was accepting the challenge to work with the only available data he could find, the monthly production from 2000 A.D., in order to come up with a short term forecast for the next six months as requested by the owner, MR. Tibrewala. Different tools were used in the analysis of the electric fans production such as, MS Excel Solver, and StatTools 6 to determine the best forecasting model where the properties of regression, additive and multiplicative models were discussed. After all of these models were analyzed using the historical data, the trend and the seasonality which had the most impact on the data. The regression model

Achieving Universal Electricity Access

Achieving Universal Electricity Access PART I: INTRODUCTION Background of Study The importance of modern energy services in promoting socio-economic development has been extensively documented in the literature (Kaygusuz 2011), (Kanagawa and Nakata 2007) (Kanagawa and Nakata 2008). Access to modern energy services is closely related to other indicators of a descent standard of living in the 21st century, namely, availability of portable drinking water, literacy, health services, child mortality, etc (Meisen and Akin 2008). For example, in rural areas, the higher luminance of modern lighting brightens homes and encourages pupils to study in the nights; clean cookstoves and cookers using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can reduce incidences of indoor-air pollution caused by reliance on traditional biomass for cooking (Isihak, Akpan and Adeleye 2012), etc. As the most versatile carrier of energy, electricity is important in the provisions of basic social services in health, water, etc. Electricity is also useful promoting the income formation in rural areas through t he development of rural microenterprises (Akpan, Essien and Isihak 2013a). Electricity also powers large machinery in factories to increase productivity. Modern energy services, especially electricity, are crucial to several sectors of the economy of any country: higher education, agriculture, financial services, communication, rural development, etc. Despite the huge advantages of having access to electricity, several millions of persons around the world lack access to electricity. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that in 2011 about xxx billion persons lacked access to electricity of which xxx million were in sub-Saharan Africa (IEA 2011). Consequently, one of the major energy challenges confronting countries in sub-Sahara Africa is that of providing access to modern energy services to its citizens. The electricity access situation in Nigeria is similar to that of many developing countries: the electricity access rate in Nigeria – the percentage of population without access to electricity – is 56% (NPC 2014) which is equivalent to about xxx million persons. However, the electricity access rates in the various states vary significantly from 10.9% in Taraba State to 99.1% in Lagos State as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Electricity access rate in Nigeria by states Source of data: (NPC 2014) Three main factors which are inter-related are responsible for this disparity in the electricity access rates across the states: The population density across the states varies significantly as shown in Fig. 2. Places with higher population density have higher commercial activities and in-turn higher demand for electricity. Therefore, transmission and distribution lines are often constructed to deliver electricity to such locations because the electricity so delivered will not be under-utilized[1]; The major sources of electricity generation are natural gas and hydro. The gas-powered plants are located in the Niger Delta area where there is abundance of natural gas while the hydropower plants are in Niger State. Because transmission lines are constructed to evaluate power from the generation source to demand areas, these states and other states along the path of the transmission lines tend to have higher electricity access rates; Due to the first two reasons itemized above, the national grid does not cover all parts of the country. The electricity grid covers the states with high population density but not those with low population density as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 2: Population density across the different states in Nigeria Source of data: (National Population Commission, Nigeria 2006) Figure 3: Map of Nigeria showing existing, ongoing, and proposed generation and transmission (HV) projects Source: Transmission Company of Nigeria Given the importance of electricity access to sustainable socio-economic development of a country, the government of Nigeria carried out comprehensive reforms in the electricity sector to promote efficiency in the sector. One of the objectives of the electricity sector reforms is to increase access to electricity in areas with low electricity access rate. Consequently, the Electric Power Sector Reform Act 2005 created the Rural Electrification Agency to set up and administer the Rural Electrification Fund. As noted in the Act, the purpose of the Fund is to promote rural electrification programs through public and private sector participation in order to achieve more equitable access to electricity across the various states and to ensure universal access to electricity in Nigeria within the shortest possible time. Most rural electrification projects are done by extending the existing grid to the unelectrified communities. However, studies have shown that in situations where there is a larger problem of availability of sufficient generation capacity such as in Nigeria, extending the existing grid only connects households to the grid but does not necessarily imply that electricity will be available for household or productive uses (Akpan, Essien and Isihak 2013a). Moreover, grid-extension is capital intensive which implies that it will only be cost-effective when there is adequate demand for electricity in the unelectrified communities, otherwise, it will lead to underutilization. Incidentally, as we highlighted earlier, the population densities of the states with low electricity access rate are also relatively low. In addition, substantial percentage of the population in these places lives in rural areas where energy is needed mainly to meet the basic needs of lighting and cooking. The high cos t of extending the existing grid, coupled with the low population density and the low energy demand implies that other options for increasing electricity access in these areas, i.e. decentralized option, may be considered. Indeed, studies have shown that the use of decentralized option to increase electricity access in rural areas with sparse population settlement pattern and low electricity demand profiles is usually cost-effective (Bhattacharyya 2012a). The decentralized option will often use locally-available energy sources, usually solar, wind, or hydro, to generating electricity to meet the demand in the unelectrified community. These locally available energy sources may be complemented by a stand-alone diesel/gasoline generating set. The role of the rural electrification planner in this situation is to examine the cost-effective technology option, between grid-extension and decentralized electrification, for providing access to electricity in unelectrified communities. Spatial Electricity Planning Given the huge capital outlay required to construct transmission and distribution grids, and the fact the in many developing countries a large percentage of the population resides in rural where the electricity demand profiles may be low thereby leading to gross under-utilization of electricity, several studies have used electricity planning models to obtain the cost-effective option between grid-extension and off-grid electrification for increasing electricity access in rural areas (Sinha and Kandpal 1991), (Nouni, Mullick and Kandpal 2008), (Parshall, et al. 2009) (Deichmann, et al. 2011). These studies examine the cost of delivering a given amount of electricity from the point where the existing grid terminates to an unelectrified community by extending the existing grid and compares that the cost of using an off-grid option to deliver the same amount of electricity. The cost of grid-extension usually covers the capital cost of extending the medium and/or low-voltage transmission or distribution lines to the unelectrified communities having different levels of load, the cost of increasing the generation capacity to meet the additional load levels, the cost of constructing 33/11kV substations if required, the maintenance cost, and the potential transmission/distribution losses. The cost of the off-grid option usually include the cost of constructing the distribution lines and the cost of generating electricity using different locally available sources of energy, and the maintenance cost. In more recent times, some studies (Parshall, et al. 2009), (Sanoh, et al. 2012) have incorporated geographic information system (GIS) models to this traditional electricity planning method. GIS enables the planner to visualize the spatial location of the unelectrified communities in reference to the location of the electricity grid and to calculate the spatial distance of the communities from the grid. This procedure eases the process of estimating the capital cost of extending the existing grid because the capital cost is directly proportional to the distance of unelectrified communities from the grid. Another study (Kemausuor, et al. 2014) applied the Network Planner Tool which is a free web-based program that integrates geospatial information with energy demand information at a disaggregated level to assist electricity sector planners in determining the least-cost technology option for increasing electricity access. The model was developed by the Sustainable Engineering Lab of th e Earth Institute, Columbia University, United States. Objective of the Study This study seeks to examine the cost and the least-cost technology options for achieving universal electricity access in Nigeria, i.e. electricity access for all, within a specified investment timeline. This is done by applying the Network Planner Model at the state level and then aggregating the results to provide a whole picture for the entire country. It is important to note that the model may be applied at the national level but we preferred the state level so as to provide a picture of the situation at a disaggregated level. Organization of the Study This study is organized into five parts: Part I is the Introduction which sets the background for the study; Part II is an overview of the electricity sector in Nigeria; and Part III is a presentation of the Network Planner Tool which is used in the Study. In Part IV, we present the comprehensive results; while in Part V we provide our concluding remarks. PART II: Electricity Sector in Nigeria Legal Framework The year 2005 is a pivot year in the organization of the electricity sector in Nigeria because of the Electric Power Sector Reform (EPSR) Act, 2005 which is the prevailing legal framework governing Nigeria’s electricity sector. Prior to 2005, the sector was managed by a centralized, vertically integrated, state-owned monopoly called National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) which was created in 1972. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, NEPA was characterized with large wage bills due to over-staffing, accumulated debt, low rate of recovery of bills, and corruption. The poor performance of the sector in terms of low generating capacity relative to high demand, and erratic nature of supply necessitated reforms. The reforms were envisaged as a vehicle to attract private sector investment in the generation segment, improve reliability of electricity services, and improve operational and managerial efficiency in the sector. Prior to the enactment of the EPSR Act 2005, there was the N ational Electric Power Policy in 2001 which expressed the readiness of government to engage in far reaching reforms to increase the operational efficiency of the sector and set the stage for the Act. The EPSR Act 2005 mandated the vertical unbundling the various segments of the electricity value chain; the horizontal unbundling of the facilities in the generation segment; the decentralization of the distribution activities; the privatization of the successor companies from the vertical and horizontal unbundling; the creation of an independent regulator (Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission) which is also mandated to promote private sector participation in the generating segment through independent power plants (IPPs); and the establishment of the Rural Electrification Agency. The present structure of the Nigerian electricity sector is shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Organizational structure of the Nigerian electricity market Source: Author’s compilation Energy resources and utilization Nigeria is highly endowed with energy resources. Its resources based comprises of solid, liquid, and gaseous fossil fuels as well as renewable energy although they are not equally distributed across the country. Fossil Fuels Nigeria’s crude oil is classified as â€Å"light† and â€Å"sweet† and is concentrated in the Niger Delta part of the country as well as the Bight of Bonny. At the end of 2011, Nigeria’s proved recoverable crude oil reserve was estimated to be 37.2 billion barrels making Nigeria to have the ninth largest  [2] crude oil reserves in the world and the second in Africa (World Energy Council, 2013). Nigeria produced about 1.75 million barrels of oil per day in 2013 (based on figures from the organization of petroleum exporting countries, OPEC) and exports a greater part of the unrefined crude oil. Xx% of domestic demand for refined products is met through imports. In terms of end-use, Xx% of gasoline (premium motor spirit) and diesel is consumed in the transportation sector, xx% for self-generated electricity, and the remaining used as industrial inputs (ref). As with crude oil, Nigeria’s natural gas is concentrated in the Niger Delta part of Nigeria and the Bight of Bonny. At the end of 2011, Nigeria’s proved recoverable gas reserves was estimated to be 5110 billion cubic meters (180.5 trillion cubic feet) making Nigeria to have the eight largest natural gas reserve in the world and largest in Africa (World Energy Council, 2013). Although Nigeria produces and exports much of its gas, a large proportion is being flared. In 2011, (World Bank, Flaring Estimates Produced by Satellite Observations, 2011) estimate that 14.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas was being flared in Nigeria. Domestic utilization of gas is mainly for power production and a small percentage is used for domestic cooking. Of the xxxMW of installed generation capacity in Nigeria, 6558MW is from gas-powered generating plants (UNECA, 2011). Nigeria also has considerable amount of coal and tar sand which are barely utilized. The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) 2012 estimated these to be 2.7 billion tons and 31 billion barrels of oil equivalent respectively (Energy Commission of Nigeria, 2012). Renewable Energy Nigeria is blessed with enormous renewable energy resources, mainly hydro, solar, wind, and biomass. The hydrography of Nigeria is made up of several rivers as shown in Fig xx and these rivers are themselves parent rivers to many other adjoining streams. This network of water bodies provides huge potential hydro-electric power. The REMP estimated that up to 11250MW and 3500MW of large and small hydro electricity power respectively can be obtained from Nigeria’s hydro resources. However, this potential has been grossly under-utilized because only 1900MW and 64.2 MW of large and small hydro power plants have been installed till date. The southern fringes with the Atlantic Ocean experience up to 3500mm/year of rainfall occurring in over eight months while rainfall in the northern Sahelian region has rainfall sometimes last for only three months yielding 500mm/year. This implies that even though there is high potential for mini hydro electric schemes in the entire country, the most attractive regions for mini hydro power will be Southern region. Figure 2: Major Rivers in Nigeria Source: Author’s adaptation from blank map by RadosÅ‚aw Botev Due to the diverse climatic zones ranging from the mangrove swamps in the South to the Sahel savanna in the North, together with very diverse physical geography, Nigeria’s solar and wind resources vary significantly across different parts of the country. According to the REMP, average solar irradiation is between 4 and 6.5 kWh/m2/day while average wind speed is 2-4m/s at 10m for mainland areas. Till date, only about 15MW of solar installations exist often as solar home services, public lighting, or traffic lights (refs). Geothermal energy resources exist in some part of the country (Kurowska Schoeneich, 2010) identified warm springs in Ikogosi (Ondo State), Wikki (Bauchi State), Ruwan zafi (Gyakan hot spring, Adamawa State), and Akira (Awe local government area, Nassarawa State). However, a techno-economic feasibility and viability study on the potential for geothermal based electricity is yet to be conducted till date. Biomass is perhaps the most used energy form in Nigeria. According to xxx, biomass use consist of xx% of final energy consumption in Nigeria. Xx% of rural areas rely on biomass to meet their cooking needs (expand and consolidate). Biomass accounts for 37% of aggregate energy demand and 95% of rural energy use (REMP, 2005). Biomass is being depleted in some of the northern states due to desert encroachment. Studies have shown that even people with electricity access still really on biomass for cooking (Bhattacharyya, 2012; IEA, 2010). The reliance on biomass for cooking seem to be more cultural than economical Electricity Supply and Demand Publicly distributed electricity generation in Nigeria is dominated by hydro and gas-fired plants with an installed capacity of 1900MW and 6558MW respectively (UNECA, 2011). However, as at the end of 2012, the combine operational capacity of all the generating facilities was below 4600MW (FGN, 2013). There are also cogeneration plants; completed generation projects under the National Integrated Power Projects (NIPPs)[3]; and stranded power from completed IPPs which are yet to be connected to the grid (Eberhard Gratwick, 2012). As a fast-growing economy with a population of over 165 million (World Bank, 2013) and a rising number of middle-class, the demand for electricity in Nigeria far outpaces the effective capacity to supply. Daily data on peak generation and peak demand forecast from May through September, 2014 from the website of the Presidential Task Force on Power Reforms[4] showed that peak generation fluctuate between 3000MW and 4000MW while peak demand is over 12000MW yield ing a supply gap of between 8000MW and 9000MW with resulting frequent sporadic outages in areas that are connected to the grid. Moreover, Nigeria’s generation capacity per capita is relatively low when compared to other developing countries as shown in table xxx while the demand for electricity is constantly increasing. (what is the estimated electricity demand in Nigeria and the projected level of increase? ) The program requires data at different levels – household, community, and national. At the household level, data on household electricity demand profile are required. Since households belong to communities, the summation of the electricity demand of all households in a community forms the electricity demand – and also requires different types of data which may be grouped into five categories. We present below the data requirement and the modeling procedure of the Network Planner Tool. Geospatial data The model requires data on the spatial location (longitude and latitude) of the demand centers. The model also requires data on the coverage of the existing medium voltage in the area where demand centers are located. [1] It is important to mention that in states that have very low population density, there is also much variation in the population densities across the local government areas (LGAs). For example, even though the population density of Taraba State is 54persons/km2, within Taraba, the population density varies from 10 persons/km2 in Gashaka LGA to 713 persons/km2 in Jalingo LGA (2006 Census Report figures) [2] Tenth, if oil sands are included in Canada’s oil reserves. [3] Details of the structure and projects under the NIPP can be found at http://www.nipptransactions.com/ [4] http://www.nigeriapowerreform.org/

life and death :: essays research papers

What It Takes to Overcome Suffering When dealing with hardship in one’s life, people deal with it in diverse ways. One may overcome suffering through their own thoughts and ventilation, or by through their relationships with themselves, other people, or even a higher being. Alice Walker, an African American writer, narrows the scope of suffering to a single, courageous woman in her novel, The Color Purple. Through this remarkable woman, Celie, Walker illustrates that even when life can’t get any worse, one can overcome impossible odds. Alice Walker illustrates through Celie’s triumph over Mr. _____, one overcomes suffering through the presence of strong positive relationships. The obstacles that Celie overcomes are indicative of the relationships that she acquires. Through the relationships that Celie forms with God, Sofia, Nettie, Shug, and the ultimate relationship she develops with herself, she is able to overcome the abuse and hardship that is present in her life and her past. Celie’s upbringing was not one, that which someone would call typical. She must care for her brothers and sisters, and is already burdened with the cooking and cleaning of the household because of her mother’s deteriorating health. And if that is not a harsh struggle enough, Celie is being continuously raped by the man she knows to be her father. Celie gives birth to two of her father’s children, whom he sells after Celie gives birth. She is tormented with the thoughts of her two born children, and why these horrible things happen to her. Celie is mistreated and abused day to day, and accepts this as the norm childhood. Not only is the young, innocent Celie raped Ventura 2 again and again, she is beat by this man, when she does something he does not approve of. â€Å"He beat me today cause he say I winked at a boy in church† (Walker 5). She is victimized by this man repeatedly and cannot help but only wonder why. She is thought of as nothing but a sexual object, and is taken advantage of over and over. She is stepped on repeatedly by her stepfather and is threatened not to say anything. â€Å"You better not never tell nobody but God. It’s kill your mammy† (Walker 1). She is silenced not to tell anyone about her explicit rapes because she knows it would kill her mother, and therefore only expresses her hardship to God. This poor young girl deals with hardship most adults do not even encounter, but handles it with her own prerogative.

Advertising Speech Outline

Angela Martin GP- To Advertise SP- To Advertise to my audience the benefits of using Febreze odor eliminating products CI- Febreze is a brand of household odor eliminator manufactured by Proctor & Gamble that is a highly-effective odor remover for cooking, animal, work and smoke odors. A home is truly the heart of the family, so having a home that’s happy, good-smelling, and comfortable and clean is important to life. Febreze Odor Eliminator can help you breathe a lot easier in your home. Febreze just doesn’t cover up odors; it penetrates deep into fabrics and the air to eliminate odors and leaves a light fresh scent.Using Febreze is just another way to make you breathe happy and keep your surroundings smelling fresh. For this reason, I’d like to share with you some of the benefits of using Febreze Odor Eliminating products. In the next few minutes, I will discuss: 1) What Febreze is and where it comes from; 2) The active ingredients that makes it work; and 3) Th e safety and the availability of Febreze products. I. In 1998, Procter and Gamble (P&G) introduced a new household product intended to enable consumers to remove odors from fabrics A.Febreze is classified as an air freshener by Proctor and Gamble 1. According to Chemical and Engineering News, Procter & Gamble introduced a cyclodextrin-containing fabric spray called Febreze. When sprayed on a fabric, some of the cyclodextrins in the product release a pleasant fragrance. 2. This product uses a compound called cyclodextrin, which has a cone-shape which allows it to trap volatile molecules that cause odors. B. All kinds of Febreze, scented or unscented, have the same active ingredient. It is beta-cyclodextrin, which is a carbohydrate. 1.Specifically, it is an eight-sugar ringed molecule that is made during the conversion of starch. 2. It is typically made from the starch found in corn 3. The cornfields of the Midwest make cleaning products, too! II. Febreze works well in the home or car . No matter where you find musty or smelly fabric, Febreze can eliminate the odors quickly without leaving a heavy residue of its own scent. A. Febreze is safe for nearly all fabric surfaces and odors fade away as Febreze dries. 1. Febreze works well without added side effects like overbearing smell or skin allergies.Angela Martin 2. The ASPCA considers Febreze safe in households with dogs and cats when used as directed. B. After the launch of Febreze, rumors spread on the Internet that it is dangerous to household pets, such as dogs. According to Snopes. com, these rumors are false. 1. The National Animal Poison Control Center have no evidence that Febreze, when used according to label instructions is harmful to pets 2. Veterinary toxicology experts working for the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center consider Febreze fabric freshener products to be safe for use in homes with pets. 3. t’s approved by the ASPCA for use around cats and dogs since December, 1998 and does not cont ain Zinc Chloride. III. Whereas candles once dominated the category, home air fresheners have driven the growth over the past several years. A. Innovation–primarily in the air freshener segment–has propelled the growth of the overall market, says PF publisher Tatiana Mermen. â€Å"Consumers have fallen in love with technological gadget diffuser devices as well as the more passive reed diffusers,† 1. The recession has taught a lot of us what we can live without and what we can't.Air freshener, it appears, is in the second category. 2. Among sprays, IRI-reported mass sales for Febreze Air Effects, introduced in 2004, reached $70. 6 million last year, eclipsing Ousts mass sales of $45. 9 million, PF reports. B. Febreze comes in a variety of sizes and strengths Regular strength (500ml), Extra Strength (500ml) Extra Strength (1 liter). There is also a small handy size (100ml) 1. Febreze Odor Eliminating products are sold at your neighboring stores: a. CVS, Targets, W algreens, and Giant Eagle are some stores that sell Febreze b.Febreze products can also be purchased online. 2. The product initially sold poorly until P;G realized that people had become accustomed to the smells in their own homes, then switched to linking it to pleasant smells and cleaning habits to produce the successful product. a. To conclude Febreze was the first successful product in this new field of fabric cleaning, and it does work. b. Remember this is a superb convenience product that if used according to instructions works well, it is not a replacement to cleaning itself. Angela MartinIn the last few minutes, I have discussed; 1) What Febreze is and where it comes from; 2) The active ingredients that Febreze contains; and 3) The safety an availability of Febreze. The makers of Procter and Gamble suggest Febreze can safely and effectively be used on car seats, sofas, curtains, clothes, sports shoes, and pet bedding as examples. In today’s modern world and busy life styles there are a vast range of convenience products to make life easier and Febreze is just one such item. It claims to safely remove odors from various fabrics, upholstery and surroundings.One thing I will point out in my opinion that you should bear in mind; this is NO SUBSTITUTE or replacement for clean air but it sure smells like it with Febreze. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. â€Å"Febreze review†. Ciao Shopping Intelligence. Retrieved September 14, 2001. 2. â€Å"Chemical Functional Definitions – Cyclodextrin†. Procter;Gamble. 2005. 3. Uncomplexed cyclodextrin solutions for odor control on inanimate surfaces. US Pat. No. 5,714,137. Filed 1994; assigned 1998. 4. . â€Å"Ask the Expert: Poison Control – Febreze†. ASPCA. 2012. Retrieved 2012-0219.